Barnyard Millet/Siridhanya 2 Kg (70.74 OZ)

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Maikhuri RK, Rao KS, Semwal RL (2001) Changing scenario of Himalayan agro-ecosystem: loss of agro-biodiversity an indicator of environment change in central Himalaya, India. Environmentalist 21:23–29 Upadhyaya HD, Ravishankar CR, Narasimhudu Y et al (2011) Identification of trait-specific germplasm and developing a mini core collection for efficient use of foxtail millet genetic resources in crop improvement. Field Crop Res 124:459–467 Van Hung P. Phenolic compounds of cereals and their antioxidant capacity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56(1):25-35. doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.708909

Saleh AS, Zhang Q, Chen J, Shen Q (2013) Millet grains: nutritional quality, processing, and potential health benefits. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 12:281–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12012 Sood S, Khulbe RK, Kumar RA et al (2015) Barnyard millet global core collection evaluation in the sub-mountain Himalayan region of India using multivariate analysis. Crop J 3:517–525

Yadav VK, Kumar B, Yadav R, Malik N, Kumar J (2010) All India coordinated small millet improvement project. Ranichauri

Panaud O (2006) Foxtail millet. In: Kole C (ed) Genome mapping and molecular breeding in plants. Vol. 1, Cereals and millets. Springer, Berlin, pp 325–332 In 2021, global production of millet was 30.1 million tonnes, led by India with 44% of the world total (table). China also had significant production. [39] Alcoholic beverages [ edit ] Tongba, a millet-based alcoholic brew found in the far eastern mountainous region of Nepal and Sikkim, India Gupta A, Mahajan V, Gupta HS (2010) Genetic resources and varietal improvement of small millets for Indian Himalaya. In: Gyanodayaprakashan, biodiversity potentials of Himalaya. Nainital India, pp 305–316 De Wet JMJ, Prasada Rao KE, Brink DE et al (1984) Systematics and evolution of Eleusine coracana (Gramineae). Am J Bot 71(4):550–557 Despite genome research in barnyard millet being at its infancy and far behind other minor millets, transcriptome sequencing has allowed researchers to develop several genomic resources, including EST-SSRs and SNPs, that could be useful for marker-assisted breeding. However, extensive efforts are needed in the future to develop the reference genome, genome-wide SSR and SNP markers, construction of genetic linkage maps, and physical maps. The recent release of the genome sequence of a weedy ancestor ( E. crus-galli), together with the genomic resources from major and minor millet crops, offers an initial framework for enriching genomic research in an orphan crop like barnyard millet by comparative genomic approaches. It is also fruitful to use the E. crus-galli genome as a reference genome for cultivated barnyard millet species similar to the case in bread wheat. It helps not only to understand the genome composition of cultivated barnyard millet species and increases mapping accuracy, but also helps us to know the effect of variants on protein function.

REVIEW article

Allen MR, Ingram WJ (2002) Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle. Nature 419:228–232. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01092 Oelke EA, Oplinger ES, Putnam DH et al (1990) Millets. In: Alternative field crops manual. University of Wisconsin, Cooperative Extension and University of Minnesota, Center for Alternative Plants & Animal Products and Minnesota Extension Service, Madison, WI, St Paul, MN. https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/millet.html Prasanna PL, Murthy JSVS, Ramakumar PV et al (2013) Studies on correlation and path analysis in exotic genotypes of Italian millet [Setariaitalica (L.) Beauv]. Electron J Plant Breed 4(1):1080–1085 Daba C, Keneni G (2010) Morpho-agronomic classification of some native and exotic finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) germplasm accessions in Ethiopia. E Afr J Sci 4(1):20–26 Millets are major food sources in arid and semiarid regions of the world, and feature in the traditional cuisine of many others. In western India, sorghum (called jowar, jola, jonnalu, jwaarie, or jondhahlaa in Gujarati, Kannada, Telugu, Hindi and Marathi languages, respectively; mutthaari, kora, or panjappullu in Malayalam; or cholam in Tamil) has been commonly used with millet flour (called jowari in western India) for hundreds of years to make the local staple, hand-rolled (that is, made without a rolling pin) flat bread ( rotla in Gujarati, bhakri in Marathi, or roti in other languages). Another cereal grain popularly used in rural areas and by poor people to consume as a staple in the form of roti. Other millets such as ragi (finger millet) in Karnataka, naachanie in Maharashtra, or kezhvaragu in Tamil, "ragulu" in Telugu, with the popular ragi rotti and Ragi mudde is a popular meal in Karnataka. Ragi, as it is popularly known, is dark in color like rye, but rougher in texture.

Gently and very carefully press the millet between your forefinger and thumb. If the millet is soft and mushy, then it is cooked. Popov G (1970) The importance of cross pollination in plant breeding. Liet zemdirb mohsl tyrimoinst darbai 14:23–30 Hoshino T, Nakamura T, Seimiya Y, Kamada T, Ishikawa G, Ogasawara A, Sagawa S, Satto M, Shimizu H, Nishi M, Watanabe M, Takeda J, Takahata Y (2010) Production of a full waxy line and analysis of waxy genes in the allohexaploid crop, Japanese barnyard millet. Plant Breed 129:349–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.2009.01668.x Grain Allergy, Spelt, Millet, Wheat, Lentil, Barley, Cereals. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Sood S, Joshi DC, Pattanayak A (2020) Breeding advancements in barnyard millet. In: Gosal S, Wani S (eds) Accelerated plant breeding, volume 1. Springer, Cham, pp 391–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41866-3_15

Relevance of Barnyard Millet in Climate Change and Nutritional Security

Liu X, Jones MK, Zhao Z, Liu G, O’Connell TC (2012) The earliest evidence of millet as a staple crop: new light on Neolithic foodways in North China. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:283–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22127 Research conducted in China released the whole genome sequence of weedy E. crus-galli during 2017 and was annotated successfully for its unique nature of invasiveness and adaptation in the fields of crop plants ( Guo et al., 2017). The total sequence length of the genome at a depth of 171× was estimated to the size of 1.27 Gb, representing around 90.7% of the predicted genome size. The genomic libraries range between 2 160 bp and 20 Kb with a total number of contigs of 4534 with minimum and maximum contigs size of 1 kb and 11.7 Mb, respectively. The gene annotation of E. crus-galli further revealed 108,771 protein-coding genes, 785 miRNAs, 514 Mb repetitive elements, and non-coding RNAs. As of 2019, the genomic resources available in the NCBI domain include 1,246 nucleotide sequences, 822 gene sequences, 2,468 protein sequences, 105 short read archive (SRA) sequences, 74 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), and one Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset related to various species of Echinochloa. Among the species E. crus-galli (652), E. oryzicola (126), E. phyllopogon (96), E. colona (76), E. pyramidalis (46), E. esculenta (44), E. frumentacea (43), and E. oryzoides (32) hold the maximum number of sequences ( Figure 3B). To date, 54% of nucleotide sequences are available for E. crus-galli, while cultivated barnyard millet E. frumentacea and E. esculenta have only 4%. The comparative scenario of genomic resources among small millets is presented in Supplementary Table S3, which further emphasized the need to enrich the cultivated barnyard millet genome in the future. Molecular Markers and Its Application Genetic Diversity Analysis Renganathan VG, Vanniarajan C, Nirmalakumari A et al (2017) Cluster analyses for qualitative and quantitative traits in barnyard millet Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb. Link) germplasm. Bioscan 12:1927–1931 Janani N, Sanjeevi V, Rohini U et al (2016) Postprandial glycaemic response of foxtail millet dosa in comparison to a rice dosa in patients with type 2 diabetes. Indian J Med Res 144(5):712–717 Chennaveeraiah MS, Hiremath SC (1991) Cytogenetics of minor millets. In: Gupta PK, Tsuchiya T (eds) Developments in plant genetics and breeding, vol 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 613–627

Upadhyaya HD, Pundir RPS, Gowda CLL et al (2008) Establishing a core collection of foxtail millet to enhance the utilization of germplasm of an underutilized crop. Plant Genet Resour 7:177–184 Viswanath S, Seetharam A (1989) Diseases of small millets and their management in India. In: Seetharam A, Riley KW, Harinarayana G (eds) Small millets in global agriculture. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp 237–253

Conflict of Interest

Mulay BN, Leelamma PJ (1956) Chromosome number of some desert grasses. Proc Rajasthan Acad Sci 6:65–69